Sex education for children and teens

Introduction The increase in the number of teenage pregnancy and the rise in HIV and AIDS cases across the globe have led to the development of sex education programs incorporated in the education curriculum for many schools. The sex education programs entail the training on matters â€Å"†¦relating to human sexuality, including human sexual reproduction, human sex anatomy, sexual intercourse and reproductive health† (Donovan, 1998, p.70).Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Sex education for children and teens specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Other than formal schools providing sex education to children and teens parents, caregivers and public health campaign programs also play a paramount role in propagation of sex education. The continued degradation of sexual morals especially among teenagers, adolescence and the emergence of HIV and AIDS has not only influenced the medical profession but also sh aped the education sector to reconsider their sex education programs. Although schools and higher learning institutions continue to put a lot of efforts and emphasis on sex education, the current sex education programs do not work. The failure of these programs predisposes teenagers and children to risks related to lack of sex and sexuality knowledge. Children and teens in such nations with collapsed sex education are prone to sexually transmitted diseases and unpreparedness for pregnancy later in life. Although statistics show that, comprehensive sex education on contraception and abstinence in schools help to shape the future lives of many teens, many schools have not yet incorporated the sex education in their curriculum. The debate surrounding whether covering of child sexuality is worthwhile or prejudicial continue to pull back the efforts of full implementation of sex education in many schools and learning institutions today. Education on the use of birth controls such as horm onal contraceptives and condoms elicit the need for teens and children to experience sexual contacts. Moreover, the conservative groups advocating for abstinence-only sex education for the current teens and children continue to increase the controversies surround the sex education in schools. This conservative attitude towards sex education for teens and children led to increase in teenage pregnancies and high prevalent in sexually transmitted diseases in the United States and the United Kingdom. Traditionally, in some countries, sex information to adolescence was a taboo only left to the discretion of the teenagers’ parents to educate the on sexual matter. This information remained concealed until just before marriage. The emergence of HIV and AIDS coupled with STIs has resulted to concerted efforts in responsibilities of training teens on sexual matters between the parents and teachers in schools.Advertising Looking for term paper on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The traditional influence leads to shyness among teachers in delivering the detailed sex education to teens as some continue to view it as a taboo. On the other hand, the continued debate surrounding the benefits of teaching children and teens on contraceptive methods still challenge teachers undertaking sex education. Many teachers fear uncovering sexual matters to teenagers who are in their puberty stages of life in which the curiosity of sexual experience is high. Teachers fear that the discussion of contraception and birth control methods at an early age would arouse the urge to experience sexual contacts among teens and, therefore, sex education becomes a challenge although it is the importance in prevention and control of STIS, HIV and AIDS and early pregnancies in teenagers. The confusion on whether to implement the comprehensive sex education or abstinence-only sex education to schools still challenge teachers in th eir quest to deliver helpful sex education to children and teens in their schools. The increase in the problems and challenge towards sex education for teens and children led to increase in â€Å"the number of teenage pregnancies and spread of sexually transmitted diseases† (Donovan, 1998, p.70) resulting into high school drop outs, and this led to enactment of state legislation requiring the incorporation of sex education in the school curriculum. For instance, the enactment of three bills out of the twenty bills pertaining provision of comprehensive sex education to teenagers and adolescent in the United States of America in 1998 led to the cessation of the debate on abstinence-only sex education (Donovan, 1998, p.70). The law provided for the teaching of mutual faithfulness, monogamous relationships, human sexuality, sexual anatomy and contraception to teens and adolescents. Proponents of the comprehensive view early sex education as a major factor in developing moral obli gation later in life for teens and, therefore, implementation of the laws enacted gives teachers the confidence in delivering the sex education content. In addition, the provision of financial support by organizations such as the centre for disease control to improve HIV and AIDS education has contributed significantly in encouraging the progress of sex education. Laws and policies strategy used to improve sex education bears a constitutional strength and background and, therefore, this gives the sex education providers the assurance of the constitutional backing.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Sex education for children and teens specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Because of this, teenagers now receive sexuality education in junior and high schools in most parts of the world. According to Donovan, a survey in 1995 showed that, more than eight women in ten aged 18-19years said they received sex instruction i n their early age. Lack of effective monitoring and evaluation mechanisms on whether sex education goes on in schools as the law provides results into a weakness in this strategy (1998, p.71). Good monitoring tools give a guarantee on the provision of sex education to teens and children as per the provisions of the state laws and policies. In the United States, almost all citizens get sex education between the ages of 7 and 12, and in some states, introduction in sex education starts as from grade 5. For example, Lickona (1998) observes that sex education in the United States at grade 7 involved puberty education, HIV, how to resist peer pressure and STIs (p. 86). As compared to other countries, the United States practices both the comprehensive sex education and abstinence-only sex education. In abstinence, only the proponents advocate for complete abstinence until marriage and do not provide information on contraception. On the other hand, proponents of comprehensive sex education urge that sexual demeanor after puberty is real and sexual information is, therefore, crucial about the risk involved. The focus on comprehensive sex education remains on general sexual behavior and instills morality to the teens. In African states, sex education focuses on stemming the increasing AIDs epidemic with the establishment of AIDS education programs integrated in educational systems. Nongovernmental organizations including the world health organization funds these programs in most African states. The world health organization being an international organization providing health services including training and provision of information pertaining different health aspects, provides sex education indirectly and directly to teens through the incorporation of AIDS related education in school curriculums and through media campaigns. CDC (centre for disease control), on the other hand, supports sex education locally in its bid to control both AIDS and STIs among teens in many Af rican states. In a case where my principal appoints me to constitute a group to improve sex education in my school, I would incorporate parents, teachers, educational stakeholder and church leader simply because the success of sex education would rely deeply on concerted efforts of these groups.Advertising Looking for term paper on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For instance, with the support of parents and educational leaders and stakeholder, teachers would be at ease to deliver detailed sex education content to teenagers without fear of jeopardizing their careers. Lickona notes that, most teachers believe their careers are at stake for saying things that parents find objectionable (1998, p. 89). Moreover, the inclusion of education officials in the group improves their focus on sex education. In this case, sex education becomes a priority subject, which is examinable. My own experience in sex education involved shyness on the mention of sex and sexuality in my early age and teachers as well were timid on the subject of sex and sexuality. More focus in my early age entailed abstinence-only with both teachers and parents emphasizing on abstinence until marriage. Forces of peer pressure and media played the role of sex education provider. Comprehensive sex education remains a core topic in the educational arena especially during the current era with HIV and AIDs epidemic. Sex education becomes, therefore, essential so has to train teenagers the dangers and risks involved in sexual activities. Although teachers continue to emphasis on sex education, standards and status of sex education in many schools remain depressed simply because the education stakeholder including teachers and parents do not give sex education priority. The legislation of state laws and policies strengthen sex education as teachers feel supported and are no longer scared of jeopardizing their careers. Reference List Donovan, P. (1998). School base sexuality education: The issues and Challenges.  Family Planning Perspective Journal, 30(4), 70-72. Lickona, T. (1998). Where sex education went wrong. Educational leadership Journal,  51(3), 84-86. This term paper on Sex education for children and teens was written and submitted by user Vicente Padilla to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Commodities essays

Commodities essays The financial term commodity is defined as a physical substance, such as food, grains, a and metals, which is interchangeable with other product of the same type, and which investors buy or sell, usually through future contracts. Or more generally, a product which trades on a commodity exchange; this would also include foreign currencies and financial instruments and indexes. When one speaks of a commodity, they can be referring to two types of this aspect of finance. A cash commodity or an actual is an actual physical commodity which is delivered at the completion of a "contract" This is the lesser utilized of commodities.(Investors Glossary) The more predominant type of commodity that is used is the commodity futures contract. The futures markets are described as continuous auction markets and exchanges providing the latest information about supply and demand with respect to individual commodities, financial instruments, and currencies. Futures exchanges are where buyers and sellers of an expanding list of commodities, financial instruments, and currencies, come together to trade.(Investors Glossary) The primary purpose of futures markets, is to provide an efficient and effective mechanism to manage price risk. The futures market allows buyers and sellers to stabilize the price of something. Individuals and businesses seek to achieve insurance against adverse price changes. This is done by buying or selling futures contracts, with a price level established now, for items to be delivered later. A common practice amongst the traders of futures is called hedging. The details of hedging can be somewhat complex but the principle is simple. Hedgers are individuals and firms that make purchases and sales in the futures market solely for the purpose of establishing a known price level-weeks or months in advance-for something they later intend to buy or sell in the cash market (such as at a grain elevator or in...

The Missing Article

The Missing Article The Missing Article The Missing Article By Mark Nichol Omitting the article the from before the proper name of an organization or a location is a common error- even, surprisingly, in content produced by such entities. In each of the following sentences, the article is awkwardly absent. Discussion and revision of each sentence shows how to resolve the problem (unless there is no problem because of how the name is treated). 1. Young people are increasingly accessing news sources on their phones, according to Pew Research Center. To test whether an article belongs before a proper name, change the name to a generic reference, such as center in place of â€Å"Pew Research Center.† â€Å"According to center† does not make sense, so, just as it would be appropriate to insert the before center, insert it before the proper name: â€Å"Young people are increasingly accessing news sources on their phones, according to the Pew Research Center.† If the proper name modified a following noun, however, as in the following sentence, no article is required: â€Å"Young people are increasingly accessing news sources on their phones, according to Pew Research Center staff.† (The is optional if the staff have already been referred to.) 2. Heavens Gate cult committed mass suicides in California in 1997. The same test is appropriate in a reference such as this one. â€Å"Cult committed mass suicide in California in 1997† works as a headline (where articles are often omitted) but not as a sentence, so insert the before the proper name: â€Å"The Heavens Gate cult committed mass suicide in California in 1997.† However, in this case, strictly speaking, the cult members, not the cult, committed suicide, so this revision is better: â€Å"Heavens Gate cult members committed mass suicide in California in 1997.† (Here, because the subject refers to individuals, not a single entity, the test isn’t required, but the article should be included if the members have already been mentioned earlier.) 3. Spice Girls topped the music charts seven times. References to groups of performers should be treated the same way, but only if the name refers to the individuals: â€Å"The Spice Girls topped the music charts seven times.† Again, the article is not required if the name modifies a plural noun, as in â€Å"Spice Girls songs topped the music charts seven times.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Coordinating vs. Subordinating Conjunctions10 Types of TransitionsTitled versus Entitled

IMPACT OF CHRONIC CONDITION ON SOCIETY Case Study

IMPACT OF CHRONIC CONDITION ON SOCIETY - Case Study Example Moreover, they must agree or make arrangements on to take care and supporting Joe while he is in a different physical location and state of health. These adjustments shall strain the family financially considering that Joe and the wife had retired two years ago. The autonomy needed for this case shall call for strong advocacy from all the involved parties so that both Joe and the family shall be accorded both emotional and final support they needed during this period. Chronic diseases are becoming part of the contemporary society; therefore, the society has introduced chronic care management. The chronic care management involves numerous education and oversight activities (Livius and Weichberger, 1932). These activities have been initiated within the health care professions to help improve the lives of persons suffering from chronic diseases and conditions. Some of the initiatives aim at motivating patients especially by directing them to seek necessary interventions and therapies towards achieving reasonable life or improve lifestyle as they wait to die. In most cases, multiple chronic diseases often coexist; thus, it is advisable for a chronic patient never to seek for fragment health care. Moreover, a patient, as Joe suspected for given chronic condition or illness must seek a proper and elaborate therapies and interventions for such medical conditions (Livius and Weichberger, 1932). Despite the introduction of medical care systems and policies of handling chronic diseases, such services are still too expensive for everyone to afford. However, the political leaderships are introducing health care laws that aim at making such treatment to all citizens. With these bills in place, people like Joe who have financial constrain will have some financial relief towards managing their medical

Is a global state possible or even desirable Make full use of the Essay

Is a global state possible or even desirable Make full use of the theoretical and empirical literature in your answer. (with reference to theories of realism, communism, liberalism and marxism) - Essay Example The rise in international organization which has emerged after the second quarter of the 20th century is one of the greatest and central features of global associations2. While some recommend that the world is witnessing the making of an international community, ruled by procedures, norms and processes involved in decision making. Others observe the global state as being formless and even as ethically suspect3 International organizations are imperative to explore since the most crucial problems in global politics currently-terrorism, poverty, disease, economic instability, climate shift, regional fight, proliferation of weapons, and numerous other issues-cannot be resolved without integration on multilateral level. Global politics is segmented by interdependence of security which implies that no one government, not even the most influential one, can handle these issues all by itself. The modern world scenario needs both non-governmental and governmental catalysts to integrate action through global organization to cater these problems. Interdependence of security needs global state, and international organizations become a vital element of global state. This research paper will address the factors related with the emergence of global state, its possibility or desirability with the help of a brief discussion through theoretical and empirical literature4. After the termination of the World War I, the political culture of Britain was segmented by optimism regarding the probability of developing international democratic harmony and peace with the help of international integration and gradual political in Britain. However this optimism faced a sudden termination by the 1930s5. This was the decade in which the trial of the Ramsay Macdonald’s state and League of Nations were both drastically exposed as unsuccessful, and the

Internet Marketing in Business Unit Essay Example for Free

Internet Marketing in Business Unit Essay Describe the role internet marketing has within a modern marketing concept: Internet marketing is the promotion of products and services using the Internet. Lower Costs, Products and services and international customers are its main advantages. This Type of marketing also keeps digital customer data management and electronic customer Relationship management (ECRM), which are widely used in businesses today. Different types businesses have benefited from internet marketing when it comes to cost, And sales, instantly millions of people can have access to company/business, its products Or services, you can do this at any time anywhere in the world. Normally communication Would be done by e-mail reducing cost in telephone calls. This benefits not only businesses That doesn’t have to spend a lot of money on traditional ways of advertising but also benefit Consumers who do not need to make telephone calls to know more about a company and Its products or services; it’s possible to find out everything with a few clicks. Internet marketing is also used to close deals which make the process easier and cheaper, For the business and the customer. Even a mobile phone contract can be done by internet. Internet marketing also helps targeting customers in other countries as products or services Easily reach customers anywhere in the world through internet marketing. The marketing mix is also an important part of internet marketing; it is a main ingredient In internet marketing it is also known as the 4p’s, which is place, promotion, products and Price, every business uses this when start up because it is simple and very affective and give A good impact on the business * Place: where your business is located, how can customers reach you? The internet is the best place for a business because customers can get on it 24/7 * Promotion: internet marketing allows business to advertise on website such as facebook which is used by the whole world. * Products: what is your target market what products should you provide. Businesses online provide a wider range of ptroducts than the business. * Price: is the price suitable for the products your providing and the location yourProviding it from. Internet marketing provide cheaper prices and better offers than the acctual branch/business

Video Games Are Not Destroying Our Children Essay -- Parents Are The P

Many parents today say that video games are dangerous to their children because they increase the risk of childhood obesity and exposure to violence. I believe that this statement is both viable and completely ludicrous at the same time. Out of the many topics that I can argue on, I believe that I can argue this one the best. I am going to reveal the deeper meaning that lies buried underneath the controversy that presents itself in this subject. I have witnessed many outcomes that are associated with this beloved form of entertainment. I have personal experience with video games and what impact they might have on children who play them without proper constraints. Everyone either agrees or disagrees with this topic one way or another. For me, this topic does not just hold a black or white side. For me, this topic is a shade of grey with a tint of underlying red that no one arguing this subject takes the time to look deep enough to see. What we have here are two valid arguments, which stretch out like the branches of a tree, with the trunk of this tree being the children, but the most important part of this tree are the parents, which are the roots: the reason, the cause for everything. We are going to take a closer look at these two points of view and analyze the deeper meaning, and then we can decide where we stand. Adults say that video games are expanding children’s waistlines and subjecting them to an increased amount of violence because kids spend most of their time nowadays playing said games. However, this one fact remains overlooked that may possibly be the most important for adults everywhere; parents have the ability and the right to choose what is best for their children. This conclusion is so mundane and disregarde... ..., richer, more productive lives. Bibliography: 1-3 Video Games Boost Visual Skills, Study Finds By John Roach for National Geographic News: May 28, 2003 http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/05/0528_030528_videogames.html 1 John Roach (writer for Discover magazine) 2 Daphne Bavelier (an associate professor of brain and cognitive sciences at the University of Rochester) 3 National Geo. Paragraph 8 excerpt 4-5 Surgeons May Error Less by Playing Video Games: Three hours a week decreases mistakes by 37 percent By Verena Dobnik for Associated Press April 7, 2004 http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/4685909/ns/technology_and_science-games/ 4 Dr. James â€Å"Butch† Rosser (study subject in the Beth Israel Medical Center experiment) 5 Kurt Squire (University of Wisconsin researcher of video game effects on learning)

Gender Representations in Pride and Prejudice

08 Fall 08 Fall â€Å"Discuss the ways in which gender has been represented in the text† The traditional English gentleman is typically seen as a strong symbol of masculinity and elegance, it’s hard to not fall for their charm with the English female being the submissive housewife with utter beauty, but never her own opinion. In Pride and Prejudice written by Jane Austen, this is certainly not the case.First published in 1813, the story is about the romance between the young heroine Elizabeth Bennet, the prejudiced middle class daughter and the proud, wealthy eligible bachelor Fitzwilliam Darcy as they both overcome their judgements and fall in love. Though English gentlemen were viewed as the stronger race with a high regard within society and strong social graces and husbands the head of the family with the final decision, the main male characters in the novel are portrayed as the challenges these characteristics.Austen uses the novel’s strong female protagonis t, Elizabeth Bennet to challenge to idea of women of that era being weak and passive, whereas the eligible bachelor of the town, Fitzwilliam Darcy, lacks in the social expectations as he is portrayed as juvenile, especially when it comes to love and courtship. Mr Bennet, the father of the strong female heroine, is portrayed as withdrawn and passive compared to the erratic personality of his wife, Mrs Bennet.Through characterisation, Austen intelligently challenges the traditional masculine and feminine roles of the Regency Era. The novel was first submitted for publication in November 1719 under the alternative title First Impressions between October 1796 and August 1797. During this time, the aftermath of the French Revolution was a time of intense ethical debate about revolutionary ideas and change about politics and sex equality. Austen’s novel does not comment on the events of war in her time, but rather on the imminent change of ethics with regards to gender equality.Equ ality between men and women in that era was fairly non-existent as women were deemed the weaker race as a woman was expected to remain passive throughout her life, marrying early and supporting her husband when need be, bearing children and living a rewarding social life. Men, however, being the head of the family and the husbands having superiority within marriage, were deemed fit to defend their country and have high regard within society with strong social graces and a hardworking attitude in the home.Young women in the Regency period were traditionally seen as property of their fathers, and when married off, they were then deemed the possession of their husband and forever loyal to the men in their lives. The feisty heroine of Elizabeth Bennet challenges this expectation by being maintaining her independence in a time of feminine weakness being told â€Å"you speak your opinion very decidedly for a woman of your age. † In her first marriage proposal from the odd Mr Collin s, Elizabeth maintains her strength as rather than marrying for wealth, she refuses his proposal.Ignoring the expectations of her family, as well as society, Elizabeth maintains her hope in marrying for love in saying â€Å"do you not consider me now as an elegant female intending to plague you, but as a rational creature speaking the truth from her heart† as she implores Mr Collins to understand her motives in maintaining her independence, as she refuses to apologise for what she wants thus showing her strength and challenging the idea of women being submissive with the society.Similarly, when Elizabeth journeys across the countryside to Netherfield to tend to her ill sister, Jane, as she does so with the bravado and independence not quite readily present within the upper class society. Though others were unimpressed by Elizabeth’s independent behaviour, Darcy was quite impressed by her audacity as he says the â€Å"brilliancy which exercise had given to her complexi on† as it gives women readers of that era an example of how women can be independent and not have to conform to the society’s expectations, that they can rise above and become more than just the property of man.In the Regency period, upper-class men were deemed the epitome of social grace and confidence. With a facade of social standing, Fitzwilliam Darcy challenges this social stereotype. Though seemingly confident in himself, Darcy’s pride gets the better of him as he is characterised as immature for a man of his time. When discussing his past with Elizabeth, Darcy blames his parents for his lack of social skills as they â€Å"allowed, encouraged and almost taught† him to be â€Å"selfish and overbearing. This shows Darcy’s willingness to fault his parents for his lack of confidence, and for a man of his time is slightly childish. At the first ball he attends, Darcy’s snobbish behaviour is seen as immature as he blatantly insults Elizabeth Bennet, to whom he first met. To his friend’s, Mr Bingley, suggestion of dancing with Elizabeth, Darcy replies â€Å"She is tolerable; but not handsome enough to tempt me† revealing him as a prejudiced man that is too proud to dance with that of the lower class portraying the upper class man as snobbish and conceited.The character of Darcy contrasts with the gentlemanly figure that has the upmost social graces within society, his awkward nature created by Austen shows the weaker side of man. Born into a reasonably wealthy family, Mr Bennet, though meant to be the head of the household, is characterised as passive and reluctant to be involved in his family’s schemes. Described as ‘so odd a mixture of quick parts, sarcastic humour, reserve and caprice’ Mr Bennet does not epitomise the society’s expectations of the fatherly figure.During conversations with his family, particularly his wife, Mr Bennet would rather withdraw from the dispute to hi s drawing room or submissively obey to the commands of his wife, especially in the opening of the novel. By marrying his wife based on looks alone, Mr Bennet believes that the â€Å"respect, esteem, and confidence had vanished for ever; and all his views of domestic happiness were overthrown† challenging the idea that husbands had the final say in the relationship, and that marrying based on looks was appreciated within the society.In the opening, preoccupied by the newly arrived bachelor Mr Bingley, Mrs Bennet has many ideas and demands her husband take part for then he replies â€Å"depend upon it, my dear, that when there are twenty, I will visit them all† showing his willingness to make her happy rather than society’s expectation of the woman keeping the man pleased. In a society preoccupied with the importance of marriage, Mr Bennet defends his daughter’s decision in rejecting Mr Collins proposal, telling her â€Å"Your mother will never see you aga in if you do not marry Mr Collins †¦ nd I will never see you again if you do† showing his unwillingness to conform to the society’s expectations of women marrying for wealth rather than love. The wife in the Regency period was seen as the exact opposite of the husband, a weak passive woman who did mainly domestic work and cared for her family whilst obeying her husband’s orders. Mrs Bennet, however, certainly does not conform to these traditional roles. Described as a woman of â€Å"mean understanding, little information and uncertain temper†, Mrs Bennet is Austen’s comment on the equality of marriage.In the opening of the text, the reader is shown the erratic and overpowering personality of Mrs Bennet in contrast to the passive nature of her husband. Concentrated on marrying her daughters off to a suitable bachelor, Mrs Bennet overpowers the opinion of her husband in ordering him that â€Å"you must go, for it would be impossible for us to vi sit him, if you do not† showing her as domineering towards her husband portraying the wife figure in the novel to be more powerful compared to the husband.The use of the ‘ultimatum’ type deal from wife to husband, as this is at the beginning of the novel, foreshadows the theme of female authority throughout the text and in a time of oppression within a relationship as Mrs Bennet challenges the traditional role of the Regency era’s housewife. Through Austen’s use of clever characterisation, she defies the traditional masculine and feminine roles of the Regency Era.The challenging of the society’s values gave an alternative view of life for those living in the era. Though not portraying men in a good light, the novel’s feminist ideas gave women empowerment to speak up for their own beliefs and independence. Through strong characters such as Elizabeth and Mrs Bennet, women were given heroines to aspire to, and through the use of the submis sive male characters of Mr Bennet and Darcy the strength of the women contrasts against the weakness of the male characters.Jane Austen’s comments on gender equality was a powerful motion in her era, and still affect readers now in today’s modern society. Bibliography Ashley Gardner, â€Å"The Regency Era†, 2005, viewed on the 5th May http://www. gardnermysteries. com/index-regency. html Heat and Dust, â€Å"Gender Roles in the Victorian Times,† April 7, 2008, viewed 7th May, Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen, first published 1813, published in Penguin Classics 1996, updated Further Reading and 1972 Penguin Classics Introduction by Tony Tanner 2003. The Republic of Pemberly, Jane Austen Information, 2004, viewed on the 10th May, Scribd, Pride and Prejudice Class and Gender, 2012, viewed on the 9th May,

What does Eliza consider to be her real education

The play is an adaptation of the Greek myth of Pygmalion who fell in love with a statue as it was more real in the understanding of its own composition than the actual women he had observed and grown despondent to. It is a work that closely follows the relationship between society and linguistics, wherein the women is real, but has yet to have her manners sculptured. In particular, it highlights the role of convention and articulation in relation to identities, depicting this through the subject of Eliza.In this paper the author will be addressing the subject of the play and its central character, whilst examining the effects that learning the speech of, what was considered, correct English had on her. Main Body When first completing the text, it is clear that there is an irony in the play that brings forth the now famed social and political points to the surface. However, one may be forgiven for considering these points relevant in today’s society, though in a more fractured sense. This is because they relate to speech and language use in relation to social standing.// Although social standing in today’s liberal society is becoming an ever more redundant concept, using someone’s speech as an indication of someone‘s identity is still in evidence. This notion is apparent in the main plot line in which Eliza becomes entrapped to the perspective of a new language system. When adopting the role of the speaker, Eliza adopts a slowly differing identity that emerges with child like astonishment before she changes into what is essentially a different person. It does not continue to be a liberating and learning experience.Rather, the liberation of a woman hiding behind the veil of civility in a bid to expose it, perhaps showing the power of the human spirit over class in the process, is lost. That is to say, that on speaking the language through the conventions of class Eliza loses sight of the world through her former eyes and comes to view i t through her new language that cannot be escaped. Essentially, it is through this change in persona that the play delivers its moral warning and cutting implication in that the core of the human being cannot escape from the language that it uses to identify itself with.The language and convention used by those of high society is responsible for each of their perspectives and it is not the person or people‘s speaking the language. Essentially, if you are to change the person’s language, language use and perspective then they themselves will come to define themselves and their being according to the structural meaning inherent to the language that is used by that society. This is indicated throughout Eliza’s discussions and becomes the main rationale for all that she does.For example, in one part of the play she states that ‘’you know I can't go back to the gutter, as you call it, and that I have no real friends in the world but you and the Colonelâ⠂¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (Shaw, 1998). This short extract shows the great division based upon the language being used and the fact that it is represented by a social reality, in this case being social standing. What is interesting about the use of language in relation to others is the way in which Eliza is accepted and rejected at different times during the play.For example, it first appears that Eliza is rejected from society as her language does not denote the correct social grouping, stock and/ or class. This is first justified as being because of her use of language, accent and the incorrect convention. However, it appears on later reading that the convention is of little consequence as she uses the same convention, but put to a different context. Rather, it is the response from others alone that make it something of note.At one point during the play she makes the assertion that speaking properly (meaning without a cockney accent) is simply learning to dance in a fashionable way, which acc entuates this point even further. Essentially, the assertion that she puts forward here relates to the realisation of the superficiality of language in its conventional format as both languages mean exactly the same thing from a pragmatic perspective.At this stage she is learning the meaning of language and the convention of getting from one thing to another via language use. She realises that the only difference is a superficial one as the functional meaning (cause and effect) is the same whichever language is spoken. Essentially, the only different in the language is the significance of the source of referents, which dictate a different context to convention.Therefore, her conclusion is that it is merely a state of fashion in which the dancer dances the same, but where one dancer adopts the fashionable style, the other is overlooked as being able to dance (Baudrillard, 1968). This conclusion relates to the elements of high society that come with the speakers of proper English and that are not afforded to those of a poorer language, such as cockney. Those that do not speak the language are simply those that do not speak of anything meaningful, when in reality there is simply a clash over the source of referential meaning.

Crawford Surname Origin and Last Name Meaning

Crawford Surname Origin and Last Name Meaning Derived from the Gaelic word cru meaning bloody, and ford meaning pass or crossing, the CRAWFORD surname is believed by most to mean a crossing of blood. Believed to be first assumed by the proprietor of the lands and barony of Crawford, in Lanarkshire, Scotland, Crawford is often a  habitational name  derived from several different places called  Crawford  (e.g. in South Lanarkshire, Scotland; Dorset, England; and Somerset, England). A possible similar derivation for the Crawford last name comes from crawe meaning crow and ford meaning pass or crossing. Alternate Surname Spellings:  CROFFORD, CRAWFFORD, CRAUFURD, CRUFORD. Also a variant of CROWFOOT. Surname Origin: English, Scottish, northern Irish Famous People with the Crawford Surname Joan Crawford - American film and theater actress, and pin-up girlCindy Crawford - American model, film actress and television personality Genealogy Resources for the Surname Crawford Meanings of Common English SurnamesUncover the meaning of your English last name with this free guide to English surname meanings and origins for the most common English surnames. CRAWFORD Family Genealogy ForumThis free message board is focused on descendants of Crawford ancestors around the world. FamilySearch - CRAWFORD GenealogySearch or browse for free access to digitized records and lineage-linked family trees for the Crawford surname on FamilySearch.org, the website of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. CRAWFORD Surname Mailing ListFree mailing list for researchers of the Crawford surname and its variations includes subscription details and a searchable archives of past messages. DistantCousin.com - CRAWFORD Genealogy Family HistoryFree databases and genealogy links for the last name Crawford. Looking for the meaning of a given name? Check out First Name Meanings Cant find your last name listed? Suggest a surname to be added to the Glossary of Surname Meanings Origins. References: Surname Meanings Origins Cottle, Basil. Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967. Dorward, David. Scottish Surnames. Collins Celtic (Pocket edition), 1998. Fucilla, Joseph. Our Italian Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 2003. Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges. A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989. Hanks, Patrick. Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003. Reaney, P.H. A Dictionary of English Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1997. Smith, Elsdon C. American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997.

All About Speciation

All About Speciation Evolution is most usually defined as a change in a population of a species over time through the accumulation of adaptations that are acted upon by natural selection. That may be a mouth full and nearly impossible to truly understand if there is not a full grasp on what a species actually is or how one changes over time. Sure, things change, but what makes them change? How does that affect other species? How long does it all take? Here we will shed some light on these questions and others like them about how evolution and speciation works. Definition of Species Perhaps the most important thing to be understood before truly grasping the idea of speciation and evolution is correctly defining the word species. Most books and reference materials will define the word species as a group of individual organisms that can interbreed in nature and produce viable offspring. While this definition is a good starting place, lets examine why it may not be quite  as accurate as it should be. First of all, there are many species out there that are asexual. This means there is no real interbreeding happening within those species. Any unicellular organism would be asexual. Some other types of fungi also produce their own spores for asexual reproduction. Some plants can also self-pollinate meaning they also do not interbreed. Do these species undergo speciation and ultimately evolution? The short answer to this question is yes, they do. However, while evolution is usually driven by natural selection, natural selection cannot work on a gene pool that does not have any variation. Offspring of an asexual organism are essentially clones and have no traits that are different within the entire population. However, some changes at the microevolutionary level may occur. Spontaneous DNA mutations are one way new genes can enter the picture and natural selection then has diversity to work on within that species. Eventually, those mutations and adaptations add up if they are favorable and the species changes. Another problem with the basic definition of a species is the existence of what are known as hybrids. Hybrids are offspring of two different species, like how mating a horse with a donkey gives a mule. Some hybrids are sterile, which is sort of taken care of with the viable offspring part of the original species definition. However, many other hybrids are capable of producing their own offspring. This is especially true in plants. Biologists do not agree on a single definition of the term species. Depending on the context, the word species may be defined in more than a dozen different ways. Scientists often choose a definition that fits their needs or combines several to take care of that problem. For the majority of evolution biologists, the general definition above usually suits their purposes, although alternate definitions may be used to explain various parts of the Theory of Evolution. Definition of Speciation Now that a basic definition of species has been decided, it is possible to define the term speciation. Much like a family tree, the tree of life has several branches that show where species change and become new species. The point on the tree where a species change is called speciation. Using the definition of species above, it is when the new organisms can no longer interbreed with the original organisms in nature and produce viable offspring. At that point, they are now a new species and speciation has occurred. On a phylogenetic tree, speciation is the point on the tree where the branches diverge from one another. The farther back on the tree the branches diverge, the less closely they are related to one another. Points, where the branches are closer together, means those species recently diverged from each other. How Does Speciation Occur? Most of the time, speciation occurs through divergent evolution. Divergent evolution is when a species becomes less similar and changes into new species. The original species that branches off is then known as the most recent common ancestor of the new species. That is the process that causes speciation, but what triggers divergent evolution? Charles Darwin described the mechanism of evolution which he called natural selection. The basic idea behind natural selection is that species undergo changes and accumulate adaptations that are favorable for their environments. After enough adaptations have built up, the species is no longer the same as it was and speciation has occurred. Where do these changes come from? Microevolution is the changing of the species on a molecular level like with DNA mutations. If they are significant mutations, they will cause adaptations that may or may not be favorable for their environment. Natural selection will work on these individuals and the ones with the most favorable adaptations survive to create the new species. Changes in species can also happen on a larger scale. Macroevolution examines those changes. One of the most common causes of speciation is called geographic isolation. This is when a population of a species is separated from the original population and over time, the two populations accumulate different adaptations and undergo speciation. If they were brought back together after the speciation has happened, they will no longer be able to interbreed and are therefore not the same species anymore. Sometimes speciation happens because of reproductive isolation. Unlike geographic isolation, the population is still together in the same area, but something causes some of the individuals to no longer be able to mate and produce offspring with the original species. This could be something along the lines of a change in mating season or a different mating ritual. In some cases, males and females of the species have special colors or distinct markings. If these mating indicators were to change, the original species may no longer recognize the new individuals as potential mates. There are four types of speciation. Allopatric speciation and peripatric speciation are caused by geographic isolation. Parapatric speciation and sympatic speciation are the other two types and are generally due to reproductive isolation. How Speciation Affects Other Species Speciation of one species can affect the evolution of other species if they have a close relationship in an ecosystem. When populations of different species come together to form a community, they often depend on each other in some way for survival or to make life easier. This is especially apparent in food webs and food chains and in particular predator and prey relationships. If one of these species were to change, other species may also need to change. An example of this coevolution or cospeciation could be the speed of a prey species. The prey may accumulate adaptations that create larger leg muscles to help them run faster. If the predator does not adapt, it may starve. Therefore, only faster predators, or perhaps stealthier predators, will survive to pass down their favorable adaptations to their offspring. That means since the prey evolved or became a new species, the predator had to also evolve or change.

Auditing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Auditing - Assignment Example This report will discuss several audit problems which can impact the materiality of financial statements. Wentworth Brewster limited specializes with the manufacture of sports equipment. All the products are sold to specialist retailers and private member gym clubs. The company owns a large number of freehold premises than it generally requires. The surplus office is usually sub-let to three other businesses. All sales are on a credit basis and customers are authorized and credit checked by the credit controller before an account is being set up. Detailed records on stocks are also maintained. The audit risk areas for Wentworth relate to debtors, stocks, claims on damages and rent income. Debtors have been circularized and no evaluation on replies and follow ups on non-replies had been done. There was also a dispute from a particular debtor with regard to account balance. There were also slow-moving stocks whose valuation was questionable. Rental income had not been audited since it was argued that its amount was less than that of sales income. Finally, there were no provisions made for claims or contingency. The audit duration will be a period of one month and the audit team will from time to time visit the site to obtain information. Communication shall also be done via emails when necessary. Debtors The main purpose of circularizing debtors is to obtain evidence regarding the ownership, existence and value of debtors in the financial statement. Debtors are third parties and thus are considered to be an external source of information. Obtaining evidence from different sources or types especially from third parties increases the level of assurance (Kumar and Sharma 2006). Circularization is done by writing to debtors directly requesting them to confirm their account balances. Debtors’ circularization can either be positive or negative. In positive circularization, the debtors are required to respond whether they agree or disagree to the contents of the circular. In negative circularization, the debtor is required to respond whether they disagree with the contents of the circular. The major drawback of negative circularization is that in case the debtors fails to reply to the contents of the circular, the auditor assumes that he is in agreement with the contents of the circular. The auditor of Wentworth Brewster limited sent circulars to a sample of 30 debtors to confirm year end balances. There were replies and non-replies to the circular. Second request was done to non-replies where some debtors replied but five did not reply. One of the debtors who failed to reply had a zero balance while three of these debtors had balances ranging between ?5,000 and ?20,000. There were no follow ups done on these accounts. The fifth customer was a major customer, Multi-gym ltd and had a yearend balance of ?145,000. The audit senior had discussions with the credit controller of Wentworth with regard to this account as part of the follow up proce ss. According to the credit controller, Multi-gym limited had disputes on a number of invoices worth ?95,000. The amount related to a model of rowing machines bought from Wentworth and Multi-gym disputed that the machines were inefficient as they kept on jamming every time. Upon the receipt of replies, the